AU has a solid foundation to build on, says Commissioner Adeoye
Obstacles to Africa’s peace and security persist, but stronger engagement and renewed efforts in 2024 should bear fruit.
African Union Commissioner for Peace and Security, His Excellency Bankole Adeoye, shared his views on the issues at hand.
Last year is said to have been among the continent’s most challenging. How did you see it?
In 2023, Africa faced a series of exceptional challenges, especially with the occurrence of unconstitutional changes of government (UCGs) in two member states, Niger and Gabon. There was also a significant escalation of hostilities in Sudan, with the Sudanese armed forces and the rapid support forces engaging in a full-blown conflict.
Instances of terrorism, radicalisation, violent extremism and transnational organised crime persisted. There were also several unsuccessful coup attempts and security breaches. These issues highlighted the importance of reaffirming the aspirations of Agenda 2063 ― the Africa we want. They emphasised the need to revitalise the implementation of the African Governance Architecture (AGA) and the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA).
Amid the growing number of challenges, the political will of the 55 member states in the African Union (AU) remains unwavering. The AU Commission is committed to making 2024 a better year, although the task ahead is quite formidable.
Do you think governance deficits are receiving the necessary attention?
Peace dividends can be achieved only through efficient governance. This encompasses governance in all its aspects, including political, human rights, constitutional, economic management, corporate, political and socio-economic. It is crucial to approach these issues comprehensively. An urgent matter requiring attention is to prioritise the involvement of women and youth in shaping a revitalised Africa.
Instability has exacerbated governance concerns, resulting in unacceptable government transitions. At the same time, our continent demonstrates a growing ability to adapt, as evidenced by the 13 countries that conducted elections in 2023. In 2024, elections will be held in 12 to 15 countries, contingent on the restoration of democracy and constitutional order in nations previously suspended for UCGs.
The AU Commission is committed to a better 2024 despite the task being formidable
Indeed, the importance of governance cannot be overstated when maintaining stability across the continent, as demonstrated by member states' unwavering dedication to holding elections. Undoubtedly, elections alone cannot be the sole determinant of the calibre of governance. However, they do guarantee the presence of elected leaders and foster political inclusivity. Promoting peace and fostering cooperation will be top priorities for us.
What will be your major preoccupations in 2024 and why?
We will continue to focus on our priorities from 2021, particularly ensuring conflict prevention, mediation and early warning, without explicitly addressing specific challenges. We must also combat terrorism and violent extremism.
An important focus will be on UN Security Council resolution 2719 (2023) on the funding of AU peace support operations. This will ensure that operations led by the AU, which have been authorised and mandated, can effectively address the spread of terrorism and violent extremism across the continent.
Our ability to successfully fulfil our mission relies on strong and mutually beneficial partnerships.
Enhancing the institutions of local governance and public administration in member states is essential to promote democracy and good governance. The AU Commission cannot solely observe and monitor the elected leadership's delivery and mandate. What is needed is visionary and inclusive leadership to bring about the renewal of Africa. Strong and mutually beneficial partnerships are crucial.
Addressing the crisis in Sudan is paramount, along with close monitoring of and active participation in the handover to the Somali security forces. Ensuring sustained progress in Lake Chad Basin and effective resolutions to the challenges in the Sahel necessitates collaboration with all parties involved, including women, youth and children to guarantee that no one is left behind.
The United Nations-AU partnership is integral to resolving continental peace and security challenges. How will you take forward resolution 2719?
It is crucial to activate the AU Peace Fund and guarantee that mechanisms such as FemWise and WiseYouth work successfully together under the Panel of the Wise umbrella. With the Peace Fund's backing, we are making great progress in the Tigray peace process. We have signed a memorandum of understanding with Ethiopia to this end.
Should the PSC protocol envisage regional economic communities as first responders?
Capacity must be built at all levels, particularly within the AU Commission and the 12 to 15 countries in which the AU has a physical presence. Receiving strategic directions from the AU Assembly is crucial. We eagerly anticipate the 37th regular session of the assembly of heads of state and government in Addis Ababa in February 2024.
We have a solid foundation on which to build as we go forward. We can successfully fulfil the security objectives contained in Agenda 2063 by relying on expertise on the continent and learning from other countries' best practices. We are delighted to work closely with the United Nations (UN) Office to the AU, UN agencies and other stakeholders to satisfy the objectives of resolution 2719. Collaboration, alignment and open lines of communication are essential for successful outcomes.
The Peace and Security Council (PSC) turns 20 in May this year. How do you view its role and delivery record?
The PSC is living up to its purpose, mandate and expectations of citizens and member states. Despite challenges, it has remained steadfast and formidable as the continent’s first responder in addressing peace, security, governance and, to an extent, sustainable development.
The PSC is also a champion for the implementation of AGA and APSA instruments and remains vociferous in condemning UCGs. In addition, its work methods are improving. It will continue partnering with the AU Commission to make the continent safe and anchored in democracy and good governance.
Some member states have called for a total review, but this will be factored into our reflections for the 20th anniversary. In my view, the PSC has delivered and will continue to do so to realise the aspirations of 2063.
What is the PSC’s most significant challenge?
Lack of adherence and disregard for its decisions, pronouncements and conclusions. This outcome is not due to any inherent flaw in the PSC but rather to inadequate and infrequent monitoring and evaluation of its decisions to enhance its effectiveness. The Council should also regularly examine its defining instruments, with the AU's peace and security architecture as the foundation.
As an illustration, the PSC protocol does not consider the possibility of not being a first responder. Nevertheless, it is essential to acknowledge that the Council faces the challenge of regional economic communities taking on this role in practice. Similarly, the PSC will need to address internal financial matters and external interference that can negatively affect it.
During the PSC’s 20th anniversary, its potential reform will be considered
The Council is unique in its solidarity, guided by the principle of finding 'African solutions to African problems'. With a rich history spanning two decades, the PSC's growth is evident in its confident and all-encompassing representation of the diverse regions and aspirations of the continent.
Are sovereignty, complementarity and subsidiarity hampering the work of the Council? How will this be addressed?
Regular consultations between the PSC and regional and multilateral bodies help to ensure that peace and security issues are thoroughly addressed. There are instances when the assertion of sovereignty can result in a denial of certain realities. Nevertheless, the Council possesses all the tools and resources to address peace and security concerns effectively, enabling the AU community to work together harmoniously.
Our delivery mechanisms are unparalleled compared to those of any other continent in the world. The PSC upholds the belief that Africa should be united and present a unified front on the global stage. Thus, as subsidiarity principles are embraced, it is crucial to demonstrate complementarity, consultation, coordination and communication. In 2024, the PSC needs to enhance its engagement with regional counterparts.
Are calls for PSC reform warranted?
AU member states will address this. And it will feature in our 20th-anniversary reflections. Some states have called for a holistic review while others want to expand the Council. Gaps have been identified and solutions proposed. Member states must unite and achieve consensus.
