The Military Veterans Act of 2011: Promising More Than can be Delivered?
The issue of the compensation of military veterans – a key constituency within the ANC – is again in the spotlight. Does the Department of Military Veterans have the necessary resources to deliver on its promises?
Cheryl Hendricks and Henrietta Bwalya, Senior
Research Fellow and Research Intern,Conflict Management and Peacebuilding
On 20 April the Mail and Guardian newspaper in South Africa reported that
approximately 250 former MK and APLA liberation fighters had taken to the
streets, demanding from the City of Johannesburg ‘special
discounts on city bus services; that 10% of business opportunities created by
the city must go to ex-combatants; special housing allocations; dedicated
skills-development programmes; priority in getting city jobs, and a special
directorate in the mayor’s office to coordinate it all’. Similarly, IOL news reported on 5 April that the veterans
were demanding bursaries, ‘access to business opportunities’ and a ‘revolutionary
approach’ to land reform that ignored the willing selling, willing buyer
principle.
Veterans had given
prior warning that they would make April 2012 a month of ‘unparalleled
mass action’. Though little of this mass action transpired, it yet again placed
the issue of the compensation of military veterans in the spotlight, raising
the following questions: What type of compensation should military veterans
receive? Who is or is not a military veteran? Does the Department of Military
Veterans have the necessary resources to deliver on its promises?
In August 2011 the South African government
passed the Military Veterans Act, which spells out the type of benefits and
services to which military veterans are entitled. The protests by military
veterans appear to have been in response to the perceived slow pace of delivery
on promises made at national, provincial and local levels. This prompts us to
assess the functioning of the recently established Department of Military
Veterans, charged with improving military veterans’ quality of life.
Military veterans in
South Africa have long been lobbying for greater recognition and increased
benefits from government. Their plight received some attention at the ANC’s National
Conference in Polokwane in 2007, which led to the renaming of the Ministry of
Defence to that of the Ministry of Defence and Military Veterans and to the
establishment of a Department of Military Veterans (DMV) in 2009. This year marks the ANC’s centenary
celebrations. As we move closer to the ANC National Conference in Mangaung in
December this year, we note the internal contestation at play within the ANC. Military
veterans are a key constituency within the ANC and no doubt their support would
be coveted. It is therefore also an opportune time for them to once again focus
our collective memory on their contribution to the building of South Africa and
the current poverty-related conditions that many veterans are trapped in.
South Africa has had programmes and
legislation to deal with the reintegration of military veterans in the past,
for example the Service Corps and the 1999 Military Veterans Act. According to
the Deputy Minister of Defence, Thabang Makwetla, these interventions ‘… were
inadequate, piece-meal and not holistically conceived. As a result, support for
military veterans remained ad-hoc, discretionary and uneven across all three
spheres of government.’ To address these issues, the 1999 Act was repealed and
replaced with the Military Veterans Act No. 18 of 2011 (though the timing of
the Act has caused suspicion about its motives, with innuendos that it could be
payback for political support).
The Act defines a military veteran as a
South African citizen who rendered military service to statutory and
non-statutory military organisations from 1960 to 1994; served in the Union
Defence Force before 1961; or became a member of the SANDF after 1994. Since
the Act does not list these military organisations and is not specific about
the amount of time served in the military, it is somewhat vague about who is
included and who is excluded from the status of military veteran. Many have
already indicated that the Act excludes, for example, former conscripts (who
were included in the 1999 Military Veterans Act). The DMV has to compile a
comprehensive database on military veterans in order to determine both the
numbers and who is entitled to which benefits. This has in the past proved to
be a challenge. There are currently 57 000 beneficiaries on the database.
The Act specifies the benefits and services
for military veterans, which are to be delivered through departments,
provinces, municipalities and other agencies. The benefits include:
compensation for disabling injuries and severe psychological and
neuro-psychiatric trauma as a result of participation in military activities; counselling
for those suffering from serious mental illness and post traumatic stress
disorder; honouring and memorialising fallen military veterans; education,
training and skills development; facilitation of employment placements;
facilitation of, or advice on, business opportunities; subsidisation or
provision of transport; pension; access to health care; housing and burial
support.
According to the Deputy Minister the Act
‘seeks to address the challenge of military veterans within the national
framework of care for the indigent within the broad anti-poverty strategy
socially and economically. The policy … seeks to deal with the needs of
military veterans as an investment towards the broader human resource needs of
the country rather than a pure welfare programme.’ We see this human resource
and investment focus in the emphasis on skills development and the facilitation
of business opportunities and it is precisely the lack of delivery on these
programmes and opportunities that fuelled the protests.
The DMV is responsible to ‘oversee and
manage the implementation of Government’s framework and programmes on military
veterans’. It has 169 approved posts – but many of these have not been filled.
Its 5-year Strategic Plan (2012–2016) outlines where its energies will be
focused. The Department will have 3 key programme areas: administration; socio-economic
support services; and empowerment and stakeholder relations. Under Programme 2 it
will concentrate on cleaning up and consolidating the database; research; and
developing health care, wellbeing and socio economic support. Programme 3 will
concentrate on provincial office co-ordination; skills development; and
heritage, memorial and burial projects to honour contributions made by military
veterans. The budget for this would be approximately R52 million for 2012/2013,
with R18,6 million spent on administration, R21 million on socio-economic
support and R11,4 million on empowerment and stakeholder relations. It is clear
that the costs of delivery will be high and that the DMV will have to be
efficient and establish partnerships to deliver on this expansive mandate.
In an address by the Minister of Defence and
Military Veterans Lindiwe Sisulu on the occasion of the National General
Council of the South African Military Veterans Association (SANMVA) on 26
April, it was noted that the DoD had already started rolling out access to
health care, issued health cards to senior military veterans and was providing
burial support. In addition, it is negotiating for the establishment of Heroes
Acres in the respective provinces.
Military veterans have been patient for more than
18 years as government works towards finding long-lasting solutions to their
reintegration. The Military Veterans Act has the potential to go a long way in
providing dignity and security for military veterans. But, as we all well know,
there is always a gap between policy formulation and its implementation. The
challenges of adequate funding, human capital, ability to operationalise plans
and monitor and evaluate its implementation are likely to impact on the
delivery of the benefits and services to military veterans entailed in this
Act.