Leadership integrity and the crisis in South Africa’s policing
Long-standing abuses in the appointment of leaders are at the heart of the country’s failing police service.
The South African Police Service (SAPS) is in crisis – ‘finish and klaar.’ The quoted words were infamously used by Jackie Selebi, the longest-serving post-apartheid SAPS national commissioner who was convicted and imprisoned for corruption in 2010.
He used the term (meaning ‘that’s the end of it’) to describe his friendship with a notorious crime boss. His removal from office over a decade ago marks the start of what government’s 2012 National Development Plan (NDP) describes as the ‘serial crises’ in police management.
Nine years later, the root cause of the trouble remains and none of the recommendations for addressing the leadership difficulties have been implemented. Daily media reports reflect an organisation whose top officers are apparently at war with each other.
The problem is largely due to irregular and closed appointment processes of inappropriate people into the SAPS’s top ranks. The result has been large-scale corruption and gross abuse of power. The convictions of Richard Mdluli, former Crime Intelligence boss, and Berning Ntlemeza, former Hawks head, are examples. The High Court found that Ntlemeza was dishonest and his appointment unlawful.
Nine years later, no NDP recommendations for fixing the leadership difficulties have been implemented
Eight different people have occupied the post of national commissioner since 2000, seven of them since 2009. Of these eight, four have held the post in an acting ‘caretaker’ capacity, and four as full national commissioners.
Of the eight, one was convicted of corruption, one currently faces criminal charges, and separate inquiries recommended the removal of another two. In one of these, the High Court, after seven years, set aside the inquiry’s report and subsequent dismissal.
Since 2012, police performance has deteriorated markedly. Between 2011/12 and 2019/20, the SAPS’s ability to solve murders and armed robberies plummeted. Police detection rates for murder dropped by 34% and for aggravated robbery by 24%. Civil claims in which the courts ordered the SAPS to pay the victims of proven unlawful police conduct skyrocketed. In the past decade over R2.8 billion has been paid to these victims.
Statistics South Africa’s Victims of Crime Survey also showed public approval for the police declining from 2011. In 2019, 49% of the respondents to an Afrobarometer survey believed all or most police officials were corrupt.
Added to the internal leadership battles are many high-profile criminal cases involving police generals
The problem continues. Recent media reports focus on the apparent internal battles between National Commissioner Khehla Sitole and Crime Intelligence Divisional Head Peter Jacobs. Sitole suspended Jacobs and five of the division’s top managers in November 2020 on allegations of irregular spending from the Secret Services Account.
Jacobs’s appointment in March 2018 was intended to sort out the mess left by Mdluli and to rebuild the division. It seemed improvements were happening as the police started getting on top of some organised crime such as cash-in-transit heists. The conflict now between Jacobs and Sitole has serious and negative implications for the Crime Intelligence division and the country’s ability to tackle persistently high crime levels.
Jacobs says the real reason for his suspension involves his cleaning up of Crime Intelligence and opening of disciplinary cases against senior police commanders for fraud, corruption and theft regarding the Secret Services Account.
At the time of writing, Jacobs was challenging his disciplinary hearing in the Labour Court. He had also opened a criminal case regarding the lack of security clearance of those involved in the hearing against him, and had written to Police Minister Bheki Cele telling him this.
Sitole is also under a cloud. This follows his participation in an attempt by the SAPS to buy a so-called grabber with Secret Services Account funds before the ruling African National Congress (ANC) party’s December 2017 policy conference.
A National Police Board should assess the integrity of senior managers, starting with the 199 generals
It’s alleged that R45 million was allocated to buying this communication interception device, which usually costs around R7 million. This procurement was allegedly part of a money laundering exercise to influence votes at the ANC conference. The deal was scuppered after a whistleblower told the Independent Police Investigative Directorate (IPID) about it. Shortly thereafter, Sitole reportedly classified all documents about the procurement on the basis of national security.
A High Court judgment on 13 January ordered that documentation be declassified and made available to IPID investigators. That judgment found that Sitole, with Deputy National Commissioners Francinah Vuma and Leonard Tsumane, had breached their legal obligations to investigate crimes and help the IPID investigation. Sitole was denied leave to appeal.
Added to these internal leadership battles are numerous high-profile criminal cases involving police generals. The SAPS told Parliament in November 2020 that they were currently investigating 397 cases of corruption involving their police officers, including those holding senior ranks.
Given the ongoing mismanagement and criminality among some at the highest levels, it’s no wonder the SAPS cannot use its annual budget of over R101 billion to improve policing and public safety.
Implementing two key NDP recommendations could help solve the leadership crisis. First, an independent panel should be established to conduct a transparent, merit-based process for identifying the best possible person to be recommended as national commissioner to the president. This was successfully done to guide the appointment of a new National Director of Public Prosecutions by President Cyril Ramaphosa.
Second, a multi-sectoral National Police Board should be appointed to undertake a performance and integrity assessment of the senior management echelon, starting with the 199 generals. Top commanders performing their functions well should have their authority enhanced. Those who are failing can be redeployed or removed from the SAPS.
Police leaders must have the necessary expertise, experience and skill, and their integrity must be beyond reproach. Only once top managers comprise the highest calibre staff will the SAPS be able to start improving its professionalism and performance to the benefit of all in South Africa.
Johan Burger, Consultant, Justice and Violence Prevention, ISS Pretoria
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