Africa going nuclear?
South Africa and 11 other African nations are expanding plans to go fissile, but is nuclear power the answer to Africa's electricity woes?
On a continent that has too often been cavalier about the future wellbeing of its people, it’s encouraging – at least from the development perspective – that South Africa is not alone in planning to build nuclear reactors.
South Africa now has the only nuclear power plant on the African continent, comprising the two reactors at Koeberg, just north of Cape Town, producing a total of about 1 860 megawatts (MW) of electricity. It also has plans – which have become highly controversial – to build six to eight more reactors/units, adding a further 9 600 MW to the national grid.
But 11 other African nations have also drafted plans to go fissile, according to Anton Khlopkov, Director of the Centre for Energy and Security Studies in Moscow. These are Algeria, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Tunisia and Uganda, which constitute about a quarter of the 45 countries worldwide that are actively considering embarking upon nuclear power programmes. Speaking at a seminar on nuclear power in Africa at the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) in Pretoria last week, Khlopkov pointed out that this number had dropped from about 60 before the Fukushima nuclear power disaster in Japan five years ago.
So Fukushima was a blow to nuclear power, but evidently not a fatal one.
Fukushima was a blow to nuclear power, but evidently not a fatal one
Russia is the world’s largest exporter of nuclear power, he said, constructing 25% of the world’s nuclear power plants currently. The export sales of its national nuclear corporation Rosatom were US$6.4 billion last year (including also nuclear fuel and spent nuclear fuel reprocessing.) Its foreign orders up to 2030 are worth US$110 billion.
There are now 38 nuclear power reactors of Russian design operating outside of Russia, in 10 countries; and 25 more reactors that Rosatom is contracted to build in 12 countries.
The most advanced plans for nuclear power plant construction in Africa are in Algeria, which proposes to build two units, generating 2 400 MW by 2030; Egypt, two units of 4 800 MW by 2030; Ghana, one unit of 1 000 MW by 2025; Kenya, four units, 4 000 MW by 2033; Morocco, one reactor by 2030; Nigeria, four units, 4 000 MW by 2027 and, of course, South Africa’s 9 600 MW fleet.
Rosatom is one of several national nuclear corporations bidding for the South African contract. It is also in negotiations with Algeria, Egypt and Morocco to build their proposed nuclear power plants. It's not clear which other nuclear vendors are interested in building these and the other proposed African nuclear power plants.
That Africa needs a lot more electricity is unquestionable. As Khlopkov said, only 24% of the population of sub-Saharan Africa now has access to electricity. Outside South Africa, the entire installed generation capacity of sub-Saharan Africa is only 28 gigawatts; about the same as Argentina’s.
12 African countries have drafted plans for nuclear power programmes
African manufacturers now experience power shortages for an average of 56 days a year, costing them 6% of sales revenues. The average electricity tariff in sub-Saharan Africa is US$0.13 per kilowatt-hour, compared to a range of US$0.04 to US$0.08 in the developing world at large. But is nuclear the solution for Africa?
There was some scepticism expressed at the seminar about the continent’s nuclear plans coming to fruition, and certainly by the proposed end dates. Political, financial and security concerns were raised as possible obstacles. Even in South Africa, surely the most financially capable country on the continent, the African National Congress government’s plan to expand nuclear power has been cast into doubt because of fears it would overburden the fiscus.
Seminar participants expressed concern that not all the would-be nuclear African states were politically stable enough to sustain long-term nuclear construction and operation programmes. Other participants worried that not all the states had enough control of their territories to secure sensitive nuclear material over the lifespan of the planned reactors.
And one participant even suggested that some African states with close political ties to North Korea might deliberately leak such sensitive material or technology to Pyongyang. Khlopkov did not share most of these concerns, though he did concede that if 25% of the projects were completed by due date, that would be about the same as the global average.
Of all the plans, he believed that those of Egypt and South Africa were the most likely to be realised. He thought that South Africa would build at least two of its projected six to eight new reactors by 2030 – though he rather begged the question by adding that this would depend on there being no strong public resistance in South Africa – and, the security situation not deteriorating.
Are Africa’s would-be nuclear states politically stable enough for nuclear power?
Khlopkov said he had no information to suggest that Rosatom already had a ‘done deal’ to build South Africa’s reactors, as many sceptical South Africans suspect.
And in fact he thought that the South African government might share out the contracts, for instance contracting with France’s Areva to build two new reactors at the one site which Eskom had identified alongside Koeberg (since Koeberg was already using Areva’s technology) and contracting Rosatom to build more new units at the other site Eskom had identified, at Thyspunt in the Eastern Cape.
Khlopkov, rather surprisingly, did not believe that Russia and China would consider collaborating in building the South African reactors, even though all three countries are members of the BRICS bloc of emerging nations – including also Brazil and India.
He suggested that rather than sharing a joint strategic vision on nuclear power, as one might have expected, the BRICS nuclear vendors, Russia and China, would remain competitors, and would not enter into joint ventures for fear of having their proprietary technology leaked.
Despite his confidence in Rosatom going ahead with the Egyptian project, he conceded that this project also illustrated the security threats to African nuclear power plans. The bombing of a Russian tourist aircraft over the Sinai desert last year by a local affiliate of the Islamic State could delay the project, he said.
BRICS nuclear vendors, Russia and China, will compete rather than enter into joint ventures
Training of local personnel up to the level necessary to operate nuclear power plants was also a concern. Though some Middle East states were building nuclear reactors almost entirely reliant on foreign technological expertise, this was not ideal. ‘If the foreigners leave in a hurry because of a security crisis, who will shut down the reactors?’
Khlopkov proposed that South Africa should ‘proliferate’ its good nuclear expertise and experience to the rest of Africa, by establishing regional training centres to share and pool resources.
ISS senior research fellow Noël Stott said that although technologically, Africa was ready to go nuclear, the financial and security concerns were real. He noted that South Africa apparently wanted to finance its new nuclear power plants on the so-called ‘build-own-operate’ model, meaning the foreign corporation that built the plants would retain ownership and would operate them itself. It would then recover its costs by selling the electricity to Eskom.
That seems likely to be the same model other cash-strapped African countries would prefer. Yet, as Stott pointed out, Khlopkov had made a point of saying that Russia had tried this model before, but was unlikely to do so again, as it was too risky, financially.
Stott thought African states were in any case unlikely to meet their deadlines because of the many hurdles they still had to cross, not least negotiating safeguard agreements with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). He also believed the fears of deliberate leaking of that nuclear technology from some would-be African nuclear states to North Korea – because of strong political ties between them – were not entirely unfounded.
Another ISS nuclear expert, Nicolas Kasprzyk, was more sanguine. He forecast that Kenya would be the first African country outside South Africa to acquire nuclear energy. He said the country had made the most progress, including advanced negotiations with the IAEA and training of nuclear technicians.
African states are unlikely to meet nuclear energy deadlines because of the many hurdles they face
Kenya should also be able to manage the financing of the plants, as it had integrated its nuclear plants into its wider and ambitious industrial and economic development strategy. Kasprzyk noted that there was controversy in Kenya over the security threat posed to its proposed nuclear power installation by al-Shabaab, which has already carried out several terror attacks in Kenya because of its military intervention into Somalia.
But he said it was not unprecedented for a country to run nuclear power plants while managing security risks – even if that was not ideal – and he believed Kenya could do the same. He did note that North Korea’s security relations with some African countries had already raised flags at the United Nations – such as its attempts to sell sensitive ballistic missile technology to Egypt.
But Kasprzyk said he did not believe there was a real risk of sensitive nuclear technology going from new African nuclear power states to North Korea. ‘Nonetheless, there is clearly a need for African countries which acquire nuclear technology to establish a strict, non-proliferation regulatory framework with the IAEA,’ he added.
If building a nuclear power plant is nothing else, it is a signal of seriousness by a state. The high costs, long construction times and even more distant operating horizons and payback schedules of nuclear power stations require great commitment and a long-range view of development.
Whether all these plans on the African continent come to fruition remains to be seen.
Peter Fabricius, ISS Consultant
