18 Mar 2009: Bibliograhy

Somalia Working Group

Bibliography, 18 March 2009

General

Brons, M. H. (2001) Society, Security, Sovereignty and the State in Somalia: From Statelessness to Statelessness? Netherlands: International Books.

Drysdale, J., (2000) Stoics Without Pillows: A way forward for the Somalilands. London: HAAN.

Marchal, R., Mubarak, J., Del Buono, M. and Manzolillo, D.L. (2000) Globalization and its impact on Somalia, Nairobi: UNDP / United Nations Documentation Office for Somalia.

UNDP (2001) Human Development Report 2001 Somalia, Nairobi: UNDP.

Political Dynamics and different internal actors

Africa Watch (1990). Somalia: A Government at War with its Own People. New York: The Africa Watch Committee.

Abdullahi, Abdulrahman M. “Baadiyow” (2002). History of Modern Civil Society in Somalia. Mogadishu: unpublished paper.

Amnesty International (2004 November) Somalia: A Long Term Human Rights Crisis. Washington D.C.

Bakonyi, J., K. Stuvoy 2005: ‘Violence and Social Order Beyond the State. Somalia and Angola’, in: Review of African Political Economy 32 (104/105): 359-382

Barnes, C. and H. Hassan. 2007. ‘The rise and fall of Mogadishu’s Islamic courts’. Chatham House. At: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/papers/view/-/id/458/ (April 2007).

Besteman, C. & Cassanelli, L.V. (eds) (2000) The Struggle for Land in Southern Somalia: the War behind the War. Colorado/London: Westview Press/HAAN Publishing.

Compagnon, D. (1998) ‘Somali Armed Movements: The interplay of Political Entrepreneurship & Clan-Based Factions’. In C. Clapham (ed) African Guerrillas. Oxford: James Currey.

De Waal, A. (2007). Class and Power in a Stateless Somalia. New York: Social Science Research Council. At: http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/dewaal/

Farah, Ahmed Y. (1999 April) Political Actors in Somalia’s Emerging De Facto Entities: Civil-Military Relations in Somaliland and Northeast Somalia. Presented at the Conference on Civil-Military Relations. Nairobi, Kenya.

Green, R. H. (1999). ‘Khatt & the Realities of Somalis: Historic, Social, Household, Political & Economic.’ Review of African Political Economy 26 (79): 33-50

Hansen, S. J. and M. Bradbury. 2007. ‘Somaliland: A new democracy in the Horn of Africa?’. Review of African Political Economy 34 (113): 461-76.

Hassan, H. and Barnes, C. (2007 March 27). A Return to Clan-Politics (or Worse) in Southern Somalia. At: http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/Hassan_Barnes/

Hoehne, M. V. (2006). ‘Political identity, emerging state structures and conflict in northern Somalia’, Journal of Modern African Studies 44 (3): 397-414.

Jama, M. (2007). ‘Kinship and contract in Somali politics’, Africa 77/2.

Jhazbhay, I. (2003): Somaliland: Africa’s best kept secret, a challenge to the international community? African Security Review 12 (4): 77-82.

Hoehne, M. V. (2008): ‘Newspapers in Hargeysa: Freedom of speech in post-conflict Somaliland’. Africa Spectrum 43 (1): 91-114.

Hoehne, M. V. (2007): ‘From pastoral to state politics: Traditional authorities in Northern Somalia’, in: Buur, L. and Kyed H.M. (eds.). State Recognition and Democratisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A New Dawn for Traditional Authorities? Palgrave: New York, pp. 155-182.

Hoehne, M. V. (2007 Nov 7) Puntland and Somaliland Clashing in Northern Somalia: Who Cuts the Gordian Knot? http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/Hoehne/

Horn of Africa Centre for Information and Studies. (26 June, 2002). Comments on the paper Somalia: Combating Terrorism in a Failed State, Mogadishu.

International Crisis Group (2004 December 21) Somalia: Continuation of War by Other Means? Report No 88. Nairobi/Brussels. http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3194&l=1

Janney, H. (2003 June), ‘Hunt for terrorist confounded by Somalia’s shifting political sands’, Jane’s Intelligence Review.

Janney, H. (2003 January). ‘Conflict turns to chaos in Somalia’, Jane’s Intelligence Review.

Kassahun, Y. (1997, March). The Courts: Problems, Prospects and Role in Somalia’s Emerging Regions. Nairobi: EU Somalia Unit.

Human Rights Watch (2007). Shell-Shocked: Civilians Under Siege in Mogadishu. Washington D.C.: Human Rights Watch.

Human Rights Watch/Africa (April 1995) Somalia Faces the Future: Human Rights in a Fragmented Society, Vol 7, No 2: New York,Washington & London

Le Sage, A. (2005). Stateless Justice in Somalia: Formal and Informal Rule of Law Initiatives. Geneva: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. http://www.hdcentre.org/publications/stateless-justice-somalia-formal-and-informal-rule-law-initiatives

Lewis, I.M. (2001). Civil Society in non-Western Contexts: Reflections on the ‘Usefulness’ of a Concept. Civil Society Working Paper 13. London: Centre for Civil Society, London School of Economics.

Lortan, F. (2000). ‘Africa Watch: Rebuilding the Somali State’. African Security Review Vol 9; 5/6  http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/9No5And6/Lortan.html

Marchal, R. (2000). The Somali private sector: its role in governance. Nairobi: Report commissioned by UNDP for new edition of Human Development Report on Somalia.

Marchal, R. 2004: Islamic political dynamics in the Somali Civil War, in:A. De Waal (ed.): Islamism and its enemies in the Horn of Africa, London : Hurst, pp. 114-145.

Marchal, R. (2007) ‘Somalia: A new front against terrorism’. SSRC Crisis in the Horn of Africa. <http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/marchal/index3.html> (05.02.2007).

Marchal, R. (2007) ‘Warlordism and terrorism: How to obscure an already confusing crisis? The case of Somalia’. International Affairs 83 (6): 1091-1106.

Menkhaus, K. (1998). ‘Somalia: The Political Order of a Stateless Society’, Current History, Vol. 97.

Menkhaus, K. (1998). Study on Governance in Gedo Region. UNDP Somalia: Nairobi.

Menkhaus, K. (2000). Somalia Situation Analysis. Centre for Documentation and Research. (Hard copy in FSAU)

Menkhaus, K. (2003) ‘Bantu Ethnic Identity in Somalia’ in Les Annales d`Ethiopie vol. XIX pp. 323-340.

Mohamed, M. A. ‘Ghandi’, (October 2001). UNDP Mission to Lower Jubba – Badhadhe District for the Assessment of Demobilization. Mission Report. UNDP-Somalia: Nairobi.

Salim Said, Zuleikha (2002). State Decomposition and Clan Identities in Somalia. M.Phil.: University of Oxford.

Shire, S.A. (2006). ‘Somali Remittance Companies and their Clients’. in S.M.Maimbo (ed.)

Samatar, Abdi I. (2005 November) Somali Prime Minister: An Act of Betrayal, Venality, and Incompetence! University of Minnesota.

Schlee, Gunter (2001) Regularity in Chaos: The Politics of Difference in the Recent History of Somalia. Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology Working Paper No. 18. Hard Copy in FSAU, Nairobi

UNDOS (1999) Studies on Governance in Lower Jubba Region http://www.fsausomali.info/library/20060201162532_20050811163105_1999May_Study_Report_UNDOS_Studies_on_Governance_in_Lower_Jubba_Region.pdf

UNDOS (1998) Studies on Governance in Gedo Region http://www.fsausomali.info/library/20060201162233_20050811163806_1998July_Study_Report_UNDOS__Studies_on_Governance_in_Gedo_Region.pdf

Webersik, C. (2005). ‘Fighting for the Plenty: the banana trade in southern Somalia.’ Oxford Development Studies, 33(1): 81-98. http://www.fsausomali.info/library/20050708113849_2003Dec_Paper_Fighting_for_the_Plenty_-_The_banana_Trade_in_Southern_Somalia.pdf

External Involvement (IGAD, AU, US, neighbouring countries, UN etc)

Abdinur, Mustafa Haji & Abdi, Ali Musa (2007 January 9) Somalia: US leads fresh raids. AFP/IRIN

African Rights (1993a May) Operation Restore Hope: A Preliminary Assessment. London

Bradbury, M. (2002) Somalia: The Aftermath of September 11th and the War on Terrorism. Unpublished report for Oxfam.

Grosse-Kettler, S. (2004). External Actors in Stateless Somalia: A War Economy and its Promoters. Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC) Paper 39. Bonn: BICC. http://www.bicc.de/uploads/pdf/publications/papers/paper39/paper39.pdf Hagmann, T. and M.V. Hoehne, 2007 ‘Failed State or Failed Debate? Multiple Somali political orders within and beyond the nation-state’, Politorbis 1/2007, pp. 20-26. http://www.eda.admin.ch/etc/medialib/downloads/edazen/doc/publi.Par.0215.File.tmp/Politorbis%2042.pdf

Hagmann, T. and M.V. Hoehne (2009). ’Failures of the state failure debate: Evidence from the Somali territories’, Journal of International Development, 21, pp. 42-57.

Hess, R.L. (1966) Italian Colonialism in Somalia, London: University of Chicago Press.

Huggins, C. (2003) The Missing Link: identifying and addressing linkages between local conflicts and macro-conflicts in Somalia. http://www.fsausomali.info/library/20060201155240_2003Feb_Report_IRG_and_IDRC_Regional_Consultations_towards_a_Regional_Security_Architecture_Assessing_Issues_and_Developing_Capacity_in_the_Horn_of_Africa-2.pdf

ICG (2002) Salvaging Somalia’s chance for peace. Africa Report No11. 9th December 2002 http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1822&l=1

International Crisis Group (ICG) (2002 May 23) Somalia: Countering Terrorism in a Failed State. Africa Report No 45. Nairobi/Brussels. http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1690&l=1

International Crisis Group (ICG). (2004). Biting the Somali Bullet. Africa Report No. 79. Brussels/Nairobi: ICG. http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=2698&l=1

International Crisis Group (2005, July 11) Counter-Terrorism in Somalia: losing hearts and minds?  Africa Report No 95. Nairobi/Brussels. http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3555&l=1

International Crisis Group (2006, May 23) Somaliland: Time for African Union Leadership. Africa Report No 110. Nairobi/Brussels.
http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4131&l=1

International Crisis Group (2006, August 10) Can the Crisis in Somalia be Contained? Africa Report No 116. Nairobi/Brussels. http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4333&l=1

ICG (2007. Somalia: the tough part is ahead. Africa Report no45 26th January 2007 http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4630&l=1

ICG (2008). Somalia: To move beyond the Failed State. Africa Report No 147. 23rd December 2008. http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5836&l=1

IGAD (2002) Resolutions of the 9th IGAD Summit of the Heads of State and Government on Somalia. (Hard Copy in FSAU, Nairobi).

IGAD (2002) Resolution on Regional Cooperation to Combat Terrorism. (Hard copy in FSAU, Nairobi)  

Menkhaus, K. and Ortmayer, L. (1999). ‘Somalia: Misread Crises and Missed Opportunities’, in Bruce W. Jentleseson (ed.), Preventative Diplomacy in the Post-Cold War World: Opportunities Missed, Opportunities Seized, and Lessons to be Learned. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield.

Menkhaus, K. (October 2001). Remittance companies and money transfers in Somalia Manuscript

Menkhaus, K. (May 2002). ‘Somalia: In the Crosshairs of the War on Terrorism’, Current History.

Menkhaus, K. (2003 May). Terrorism in Somalia: Threat Assessment and Policy Options, Paper presented to the workshop on ‘Terrorism in the Horn of Africa: Threats and Responses’, US Institute of Peace, Washington D.C.

Menkhaus, K. (2004) Somalia: State Collapse and the Threat of Terrorism London: International Institute for Strategic Studies.

Menkhaus, K. (2004). Somalia: State Collapse and the Threat of Terrorism, Adelphi Paper 364, Oxford: Oxford University Press for the International Institute
of Strategic Studies (2004).

Menkhaus, K., Bryden, M., le Sage, A., Bradbury., M (2005 January) Somalia Programming and Policy Assessment. Development Alternatives Inc./USAID.

Menkhaus, K. (2005 August 31) Kenya-Somalia Border Conflict Analysis. USAID/Development Alternatives Inc.

Menkhaus, K. (2007). ‘The crisis in Somalia: Tragedy in five acts’, African Affairs 106 (204): 357-390.

Mohamed, J. (2003). ‘Imperial Policies and Nationalism in The Decolonization of Somaliland, 1954- 1960.’ English Historical Review Vol. 117(474): 1176-1203.

Mohammed, A. (2007 Feb 20) Ethiopia’s Strategic Dilemma in the Horn of Africa http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/Abdul_Mohammed/

Reno, W. (2003 February) Somalia and Survival in the Shadow of the Global Economy. Northwestern University. Queen Elizabth House Working Paper 100. Oxford.

Reynolds, P (2007 January 14) Twin US aims in Somalia. BBC News website. SACB (Somalia Aid Coordination Body) (2002) Donor Report. Nairobi: SACB
Terlinden, U., & Hagmann, T., (2005 July 29) ‘Faking a Government for Somalia: International diplomacy supports fictitious peace process’, Sub-Saharan Informer.

Samatar, A. I. (?) Somalia’s Reconstruction: Beyond IGAD and the European Union’s Peace Dividend. University of Minnesota. http://www.fsausomali.info/library/20060321140637_2002Feb_Essay_Somalias_Reconstruction__Beyond_IGAD_and_the_European_Unions_Peace_Dividend.pdf

UN Security Council (November 2003). Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia pursuant to Security Council resolution 1474 (2003)’, Document S/2003/1035
(Press release: http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sc7721.doc.htm )

State-building

Abokor, A, et al (2003) ‘Very much a Somaliland-run election’: A report of the Somaliland local elections of December 2002. London: CIIR.

Aboker, A.Y., Kibble, S., Bradbury, M., Yusuf, H.A., Barrett, G., (2005) Further Steps to Democracy: The Somaliland Parliamentary Elections September 2005. London: Progressio.

APD (Academy for Peace and Development) (2002, April) The Judicial System in Somaliland. Workshop Report. Hargeisa.

Academy for Peace and Development (APD). (2006). A Vote for Peace: How Somaliland Hosted its First Successful Parliamentary Elections in 35 Years. Mogadishu and Nairobi: APD and Interpeace. http://www.interpeace.org/pdfs/Publications_(Pdf)/Current_Reports/A_Vote_for_Peace.pdf.

Academy for Peace and Development (APD) (2008). Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building. Hargeisa, APD.

Adam, H. (1994 January) ‘Formation and Recognition of New States: Somaliland in Contrast to Eritrea’ in Review of African Political Economy Vol.21 No.59 pp21-38.

African Rights (2003) Taking the Tiger by the Tail: The National Electoral Commission and the Presidential Elections. Hargeisa

African Rights (2003, May 26) Somaliland: Shadows of the past as human rights deteriorate. Discussion Paper no 11. Hargeisa.

Battera, F. 1998. ‘Remarks on the 1998 charter of the Puntland State of Somalia’, Working Paper, United Nations Development Office for Somalia (UNDOS).

Bermudez, M.S. (2004 July) Somaliland: Time for Recognition. Thesis. European Masters Degree in Human Rights and Democratisation. Irish Centre for Human Rights.

Bradbury, M. (2003). ‘Living with statelessness: the Somali road to development’. Conflict, Security and Development, 3(1): 7-25. (JNA website – could not open)

Bradbury, M., Abokor, Adan. Y., Yusuf, Haroon, A., (2003) ‘Somaliland: Choosing Politics over Violence’. Review of African Political Economy No.97:455-478: ROAPE Publications Ltd.

Bradbury, Mark, K. Menkhaus and R. Marchal 2001:  Human Development Report Somalia 2001, New York.

Bryden, M. (2004). ‘Somalia and Somaliland: Envisioning a dialogue on the question of Somali unity’. African Security Review, Fall.

Bradbury, M. 2008. Becoming Somaliland. Oxford: James Currey.

Bryden, M. (1999): New hope for Somalia? The building block approach. Review of African Political Economy 26 (79): 134-140.

Bryden, M. (2004): Somalia and Somaliland: Envisioning a dialogue on the question of Somali unity, African Security Review 13 (2): 23-33.

Bryden, M. (2004): ‘State-within-a-failed-state: Somaliland and the challenge of international recognition’, In Paul Kingston and Ian S. Spears (eds.) States-Within-States: incipient political entities in the post-cold war era, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 167-188.

Ciabarri, Luca 2008: No representation without redistribution: Somaliland plural authorities, the search for a state and the 2005 parliamentary elections, In Alice Bellagamba and Georg Klute (eds.) Beside the state: emergent powers in contemporary Africa, Koeln: Ruediger Koeppe, pp. 55-73.

Doornbos, M. 2000. ‘When is a state a state? Exploring Puntland’, in P. Konings, W. van Binsbergen and G. Hesseling (eds), Trajectoires de libération en Afrique contemporaire. Paris: Karthala.

European Union (2002 December) Report on the Somaliland Local Elections held on 15 December 2002. Nairobi.

Farah, A. O., Mammo, M. and Gundel, J. (eds.) (2007): Somalia : diaspora and state reconstitution in the Horn of Africa. London : Adonis & Abbey.

Farah, A. Y. (2001): ‘Somalia: Modern history and the end of the 1990s’, In WSP (ed.), Rebuilding Somalia: Issues and Possibilities for Puntland, London: HAAN.

Farah, A. Y. (2004): Troubled transition in Puntland State of Somalia (PSS), 1998-2001, Unpublished paper. Nairobi: UNDP resource centre.

Gundel, J. 2006. The Predicament of the ‘Oday’: The role of traditional structures in security, rights, law and development in Somalia. Oxfam Novib: Danish Refugee Council.

Hagmann, T. (2005). ‘From State Collapse to Duty-Free Shop: Somalia’s path to modernity’, African Affairs, Vol. 104, No. 416 (July), pp. 525-535.

Hagmaan, T. and Von Hoehne, M. (2008). ‘Failed state or failed debate? Multiple Somali political orders within and beyond the nation-state.’ Politorbis 42: 20-26.
http://www.eda.admin.ch/etc/medialib/downloads/edazen/doc/publi.Par.0217.File.tmp/Politorbis%2042%20(e-d).pdf

International Crisis Group (2003 July 28) Somaliland: Democratisation and its Discontents. Africa Report No 66. Nairobi/Brussels.
http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1682&l=1

IRIN (2001 July 10) Somalia: IRIN Special - A question of recognition - Parts 1&2. Nairobi. www.reliefweb.com

IRIN (2001, August 22) Somaliland leader accused. www.reliefweb.int

IRIN (2003 January 17) Somalia: Review of 2002. www.reliefweb.int

IRIN (2003, March 26) ‘Funding Somaliland’s Poll’. www.reliefweb.int

IRIN (2004 October 15) Somaliland leader rejects unity with Somalia. Agence France Presse. www.reliefweb.int

IRIN (2004 November 1) Somalia: over 100 killed in clashes between Somaliland and Puntland. www.reliefweb.int

IRIN (2005 November 15) Somalia: Heavy sentences for murder of aid workers in Somaliland.www.reliefweb.int

Jama, Ibrahim, H. (2000 June) The Revised Constitution of the Republic of Somaliland: Unofficial English Translation. www.Somalilandforum.com.

Jama, Ibrahim H. (2003) The Somaliland Supreme Court and the Presidential Elections. Somaliland Forum.

Jama, Ibrahim H. (2006) The Sheikh Concordat –Settling Constitutional Disputes in the Somaliland Way?

Jahzbahy, Iqbal. (2006 March 17) ‘African Union and Somaliland: time to recognise Africa’s Best Kept Secret?’ Sub-Sharan Informer

Jimcaale, Cabdiraxmaan (2005) ‘Consolidation and Decentralisation of Government Institutions’ in WSP International (ed) Rebuilding Somaliland: Issues and possibilities. Red Sea Press/WSP International. pp49-122.

Kibble, S. and Abokor, A.Y. (2006). Thoughts on elections and post-elections: a Somaliland/UK civil society perspective., Paper presented at SOPRI 2nd Somaliland Convention The Governance and Economic Development of Somaliland, Washington D.C, 8-10th September 2006

Krohn-Hansen, C. & Nustad, K.G., (2005) ‘Introduction’ in C. Krohn-Hansen & Knut G. Nustad (eds) State Formation: Anthropoligcal Perspectives. London: Pluto Press.

Kusow, Abdi M. (ed.) (2004). Puttingthecartbeforethehorse : contestednationalismandthecrisisofthenation-stateinSomalia. Trenton, NJ [u.a.] : Red Sea Press.

Lindeman, Berit N. & Hansen, Stig J. (2003 August) Somaliland: Presidential Election 2003 NORDEM.

Mohamed, Saeed Sheikh (2002 October 16) National Development Plan for 2003-2005: Framework for recovery and development. Ministry of National Planning and Coordination. Republic of Somaliland.

Niyathi, P. (1995) `Somaliland, Zimbabwe: Demobilisation and development. The tasks of redesigning a future without conflict`, in A. Shepherd & M. Bradbury (eds) Rural Extension Bulletin: Development and Conflict. No 8. December. pp 26-28. University of Reading AERDD.

Progressio (2005) International Election Observation team interim report on the Somaliland elections to the House of Representatives 29 September 2005, issued 7 October 2005, available at www.progressio.org.uk.

Prunier, G. (1998 May), ‘Somaliland Goes It Alone’, Current History. Philadelphia. p225-228

Rajagopal, B. & Carroll, A (1992) The Case for the Independent Statehood of Somaliland. Mimeographed report. Washington. DC.

Renders, M. (2007). ‘Appropriate ‘governance-technology’? Somali clan elders and institutions in the making of the ‘Republic of Somaliland’. Africa Spectrum 42 (3): 439-459.

Renders, M. (2006). Traditional Leaders and Institutions in the Building of the Muslim Republic of Somaliland. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Ghent.

Samatar, Abdi I. (2001). ‘Somali Reconstruction and Local Initiative: Amoud University’. World Development, 29 (4): 641-656.

Samatar, Abdi I, & Samatar, Ahmed I., (2003 August 13) International Crisis Group Report on Somaliland: An Alternative Response. Mimeo. USA.

Schoiswohl, Michael 2004: Status and (Human Rights) Obligations of Non-Recognized De Facto Regimes in International Law: The case of Somaliland. Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Schraeder, Peter, J. (2006 December 19) Why The United States Should Recognize Somaliland’s Independence. Center for Strategic and International
Studies. Africa Policy Forum. Forums.csis.org

Shinn, David H. 2002: Somaliland: the little country that could. CSIS Africa Notes 9: 1-7.

Shinn, D. (2003 March 8) The Horn Of Africa: Where Does Somaliland Fit?, paper presented at a seminar on Somaliland in Umea, Sweden.

Somaliland Ministry of National Planning and Coordination (2004) Somaliland in Figures. (Fifth Edition). Hargeisa.

Somaliland Peace Charter (1993) Somaliland Communities Security and Peace Charter. (Translation by Mohamoud Hamud Sheik.)

Suleiman, B. 2008. ‘Somaliland: The other Somalia with no war’, The Nation (Nairobi) (30.05.2006), republished on <http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4200> (08.01.2008).

Somaliland Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2002 August). The Case for Somaliland’s International Recognition as an Independent State. Briefing paper. Hargeisa: Somaliland Government.

Tamm, G. et al.  (2004). Life and Peace Institute’s Projects in Somalia and the DRC. SIDA Evaluation 04/36. Stockholm: SIDA www.sida.se/shared/jsp/download.jsp?f=Utv04-36_SIDA4510en.pdf&a=3407

Terlinden, U. (2008). ‘Emerging governance in Somaliland: a perspective from below’, In Eva-Maria Bruchhaus and Monika M. Sommer (eds): Hot Spot Horn of Africa Revisited, Hamburg: Lit Verlag, pp. 51-67.

Terlinden, U. and Ibrahim, M.H. (2008). Somaliland – a success story of peace-making, state-building and democratisation?, In Eva-Maria Bruchhaus and Monika M. Sommer (eds): Hot Spot Horn of Africa Revisited, Hamburg: Lit Verlag, pp. 68-85.

UN (2007). Somali Reconstruction and Development Framework, Nairobi: UN.

UN (2007). United Nations Transition Plan for Somalia, 2008-2009, Nairobi: UN.
War-torn Societies Project (WSP). 2001. Rebuilding Somalia: Issues and Possibilities for Puntland. London: HAAN.

World Bank (2005). Somalia: From Resilience Towards Recovery and Development. A Country Economic Memorandum for Somalia. Washington: World Bank Report No. 34356-SO.

WSP (War-torn Societies Project) international (ed.) (2005). Rebuilding Somaliland: Issues and possibilities. Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press.

Humanitarian Crisis

Bradbury, M., and Coultan, V. (1998). Somalia Inter-Agency Flood Response
Operation, Phase I. An Evaluation, Nairobi: UNICEF-Somalia

Crisp, J. (1999) A state of insecurity: a political economy of violence in refugee-populated areas of Kenya Geneva: UNHCR, New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No.16.

DFID (2004 December 3). UK provides more funding to Somalia’s humanitarian needs. Press release, DFID: London.

Hansch, S., Lillibridge, S., Egeland, G., Teller, C., Toole, M., (1994 November) Lives Lost, Lives Saved. Excess Mortality and the Impact of Health Interventions in the Somalia Emergency. Washington: Refugee Policy Group.

ICRC (1999) Country Report Somalia, Worldwide Consultation on the Rules of War.
Hard copy in FSAU, Nairobi.

Le Sage, Andre, and Majid, N. (March 2002). ‘The Livelihoods Gap: Responding to
Economic Dynamics of Vulnerability in Somalia’, Disasters, Vol. 26, No.1

Nair, K.N.S & Abdulla, Faisal (1998) Somalia 1997-1998: A Status Report. Nairobi: UNDOS.

OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) (2007) Livelihoods and food security. Nairobi: OCHA Somalia.

UNHCR (2007) .Kenya: UNHCR concerned about detained Somalis,. UNHCR Briefing Notes, 23 November 2007.
http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/4746dba82.html

UNHCR (2007) .UNHCR calls on Kenya to halt Somali returns,. UNHCR News Stories, 3 January 2008. http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/459bbcd94.html

UNICEF (2000) End Decade Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, Full Technical Report for Somalia, 2001, Nairobi: UNICEF.

UNICEF (2005) Nutrition Survey Report: Hargeisa Returnees and IDP Settlements, Somaliland, Nairobi: UNICEF.

United Nations (1999 August 16) Report of the Secretary General on the Situation in Somalia, S/1999/882. New York.

UNDOS (United Nations Development Office for Somalia) (January 1999).
Hiran Regional LAS Study: Executive Summary. Nairobi: UNDP Somalia

UNDOS (March 1998). Situation Analyses and Assessment Report on Hiran Region.
Nairobi: UNDP-Somalia

UNDP (January 2004). Somalia Socio-Economic Survey 2002. UNDP Somalia Country Office: Nairobi

World Bank and UNDP (2003) Somalia Socio Economic Survey, 2002 Report No 1. Somalia Watching Brief. Nairobi

World Bank (2006 January 11) Somalia: From Resilience Towards Recovery and Development. A Country Economic Memorandum for Somalia. Washington.

Social issues – land, role of women, new sources of authority

Abdullahi, Mohamed S. (1996) Somaliland NGOs: Challenges and Opportunities. London: CIIR.

Besteman, C.L. (2007 April 9) Genocide in Somalia’s Jubba Valley and Somali Bantu Refugees in the U.S. 
http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/Besteman/

Besteman, C. (1999). Unraveling Somalia: Race, Class, and the Legacy of
Slavery. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Besteman, C. & Cassanelli, L.V. (eds) (2000) The Struggle for Land in Southern Somalia: the War behind the War. Colorado/London: Westview Press/HAAN Publishing.

Cabdi, S.I. (2005) .’The Impact of the War on the Family’., in WSP International (ed.) Rebuilding Somaliland: Issues and Possibilities, Asmara: The Red Sea Press.

Gardner, J. and El Bushra, J. (eds) (2004) Somalia - The Untold Story. London: Pluto Press.

Maykuth, A. (March 2002) "Somalia is Sacrificing its Trees for Profit." The Seattle Times 24.

NAGAAD Umbrella et al. (October 18, 2005) A Joint Appeal of Civil Society Groups Towards Improving the Political Position of Women in Somaliland.
NOVIB (2003) Mapping Somali Civil Society. Nairobi.

Puntland Development Research Centre (2003) Somali Customary Law and Traditional Economy: Cross sectional, pastoral, frankincense, and marine norms. Garowe: PDRC.

UNOCHA (2002). Study on IDPs and minorities in Somalia. Nairobi: UNOCHA-Somalia

Warsame, A. M. (2004) .’Crisis or Opportunity? Somali Women Traders and the War’ in Gardner, J. and El Bushra, J. (eds) (2004) Somalia - The Untold Story. London: Pluto Press.

Identity – Clans, pastoral nomadism etc

Ahmed, Sadia M., Ali, Hassan M., Warsame, Amina. M., (2001) Research Findings on the State of pastoralism in Somaliland. Hargeisa: PENHA/ICD.

Barnes, C. (2006 July) ‘U dhashay Ku dhashay: Genealogical and Territorial Discourse in Somali History’, in Social Identities, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 487-498. Routledge.

FSAU/FAO Major Clans Map of Somalia
http://www.fsausomali.info/library/20050406132241_Somalia_-_MAJOR_CLANS.pdf

Cabdi, Sucaad. I, (2005) The Impact of the War on the Family. in WSP International (ed) Rebuilding Somaliland: Issues and Possibilities. Red Sea Press/WSP International. Pp269-326.

Eno, O.A. (1997). ’The Untold Apartheid Imposed on the Bantu / Jarer People in Somalia’., in H.M.Adam and R.Ford (eds.) Mending Rips in the Sky: Options for Somali Communities in the 21st Century, Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press: 209-220.

Gaani, M. X (2005) ‘Regulating the Livestock Economy of Somaliland’ in Rebuilding Somaliland: Issues and possibilities. New Jersey & Geneva: WSP International/Red Sea Press. pp 189-268

Gutherz, X., Cros, J.-P., & Lesur, J. (2003) ‘The discovery of new rock paintings in the Horn of Africa: the rockshelters of Las Geel, Republic of Somaliland’. Journal of African Archaeology. Vol1 (2) 2003. Frankfurt Africa Magna Verlag. pp227-237.

Holleman, C. F. (2002 December) The Socio-economic Implications of the Livestock Ban in Somaliland. Nairobi: FEWS NET Somalia.

Lewis, I.M. (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, Reprint Edition, London: James Currey

Lewis, I.M. (2002) A Modern History Of Somalia - Nation And State In The Horn of Africa, London: Longman, 4th Edition.

Lewis, I.M. (2004). ‘Visible and invisible differences: the Somali paradox’, Africa 74 (4): 489-515.

Little, P.D. (2003) Somalia: Economy Without State, Oxford: James Currey.

Luling, V. (2002) Somali Sultanate: The Geledi City-State Over 150 Years, London: HAAN.

Luling, V. (2006). ‘Genealogy as theory, genealogy as tool: aspects of Somali ‘clanship’’, Social Identities 12 (4): 471-85.

Samatar, A. I. (1999) Somalia: Investing in Shared Institutions & Values. Berlin: Heinrich Böll Foundation, Horn of Africa, 1999.

Political Islam

Bell, S. (2006, 14 October). ‘Somali Holy Warriors Coming from Canada: Experts’. National Post

Bradbury, M. (2002) Somalia: The Aftermath of September 11th and the War on Terrorism, London: Unpublished report for Oxfam.

Bryden, Matt, ‘No Quick Fixes: Coming to Terms with Terrorism, Islam, and Statelessness in Somalia’, Journal of Conflict Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2
(Fall 2003).

The Guardian (2007 January 12) Somali Islamists Held Meeting In Britain To Raise Funds

International Crisis Group (2005b, December 12) Somalia’s Islamists Africa Report No 100. Nairobi/Brussels.
http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3830&l=1

International Federation of Journalists (IFJ). 2008. Deadly Stories: Killing of Journalists Touch Record Level. Brussels: IFJ.
http://www.ifj.org/en/pages/ifj-annual-reports-on-journalists-and-media-staff-killed

Lewis, I.M., (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society, London: Haan Associates Publishing

Le Sage, A. (2001) "Prospects for Al Itihad & Islamist Radicalism in Somalia." Review of African Political Economy 28.89: 472-77.

Le Sage, A. (2002) ‘Somalia: Sovereign Disguise for a Mogadishu Mafia." Review of African Political Economy 29.1 (2002): 132-38.

Le Sage (2004) The Rise of Islamic Charities in Somalia : An Assessment of Impact and Agendas, Presented to the 45th Annual International Association Studies Convention, Montreal 17-20 March 2004
http://www.fsausomali.info/library/20060201160838_20050812104546_2004March_Paper_The_Rise_of_Islamic_Charities_in_Somalia-_an_Assessment_of_Impact_and_Agendas.pdf

Le Sage, A. (2004 June) Somalia and the War on Terrorism: Political Islamic Movements & US Counter-Terrorism Efforts. PhD Thesis. Jesus College Cambridge University, Faculty of Social & Political Sciences.

Le Sage, A. (2005 July) Stateless Justice in Somalia: Formal and Informal Rule of Law Initiatives. Geneva: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue

Marchal, R. (2001) The Outcomes of US Decision on al-Barakaat. Manuscript

Marchal, R. (2002). Islamic Political Dynamics in the Somali Civil War. Paper presented at the conference on “Islam in Africa: A Global, Cultural and Historical Perspective”. Institute of Global Cultural Studies, Birmingham University.

Marchal, R (2004) ‘Islamic Political Dynamics in the Somali Civil War’, in Alex de Waal (ed) Islamism and its Enemies in the Horn of Africa. London: Hurst & Company. p 114-145.

Marchal, R. (2007 Feb 5) Somalia: A New Front Against Terrorism.
http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/marchal/

Menkhaus, K. (2002). ‘Political Islam in Somalia: implications for current and future conflict in the Horn of Africa’. Middle East Policy, 9(1).

Menkhaus, K. (2004). Somalia: State Collapse and the threat of terrorism, Adelphi Paper 364, Oxford.

Menkhaus, K. (2007). ‘The crisis in Somalia: Tragedy in five acts.’, African Affairs, 106(424): 357-390.

Milax, S. (2007 Feb 20) Flawed Sheikhs and Failed Strategies: Lessons of the Jihadist Debacle in Somalia
http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/Milas/

Shinn, D. (February 2002). ‘Ethiopia: Coping with Islamic Fundamentalism before and after September 11’, CSIS Africa Notes, No. 7, Washington, DC: Center for
Strategic and International Studies

Shinn, D. (15 January 2004). ‘Terrorism in East Africa and the Horn’, Manuscript (2003).

Snyder, Charles, Press Conference, Foreign Press Center Briefing, U.S. Department of State, Washington, DC

Tadesse, M. (2002). Al-Ittihad: Political Islam and Black Economy in Somalia, Addis Ababa: Meag Printing.

Islamic fundamentalism

Al Jazeera (2008). US warplanes target Somali town. Al Jazeera News Africa.
http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/0D9FB3CE-383F-488F-AF78- ED53724950F.htm

AP (Associated Press) (2001 16 November) .Foreign minister questions U.S. order to freeze terror money. Associated Press State and Local Wire, Stockholm,

Bryden, M. (2003). ‘No Quick Fixes: Coming to Terms with Terrorism, Islam, and Statelessness in Somalia’. Journal of Conflict Studies 22, 2: 24-56.

Clottey, P. (2008) .US Designates Somalia’s al-Shabab as Terrorist Group. Voice of America Africa News & Features, 19 March 2008. http://www.voanews.com/english/Africa/2008-03-19-voa2.cfm

Farah, M.A. (2006). Somalia: Abroad Somali Communities Urged to Return Home for Jihad. SomaliNet News (11 October).
http://somalinet.com/news/world/Somalia/4203

Lyman, P. N., and  Morrison, J.S. (January / February 2004). ‘The Terrorist Threat in Africa’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 1

War economy and piracy

Besteman, C. (1999) Unravelling Somalia, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Compagnon, D. (1998). ‘Somali Armed Units: The Interplay of Political Entrepreneurship & Clan- Based Factions’., in C. Clapham (ed) African Guerillas, Oxford: James Currey: 73-90.

Dudley, N. (2003).’Somali financial network hit hard by hyperbole’., Euromoney, September 2003: 1.

Duhul, S.F. (2002). Somalia: Remittance firms continue services despite constraints., Arab News, 19  September 2002

FSAU (2006) Map of Sea Piracy and Armed Robbery Attacks
http://www.fsausomali.info/library/20060301161934_2006Feb_Map_Sea_Piracy_and_Armed_Robbery_Attacks_Off_Somalia_(Jan_-_Dec._2005).pdf

Gundel, J. (2000) Assisting Structures of Violence? Humanitarian Assistance in the Somali Conflict. University of Hamburg (Hard copy in FSAU Nairobi)

Marchal, R. (2002) A Survey of Mogadishu’s Economy, Nairobi: European Commission.

Omer, A. and El Koury, G. (2005). ‘Regulation and Supervision in a Vacuum: The Story of the Somali Remittance Sector’., in S.M.Maimbo and D.Ratha (eds.) Remittances: Development Impact and Future Prospects, Washington: World Bank.

Reno, W. (2003 February) Somalia and Survival in the Shadow of the Global Economy. Northwestern University. Queen Elizabth House Working Paper 100. Oxford.

Webersik, C. (2005). ‘Fighting for the Plenty: the banana trade in southern Somalia.’ Oxford Development Studies, 33(1): 81-98.

The Somali Diasporas

Adams, L., Hussein Roble, A. and Warsame Abdi, A. (2003) A Growing Economy amidst Insecurity. A Study of Urban Livelihoods in Belet Weyne. Hiran Region - Somalia, Nairobi: Food Security Assessment Unit and Save the Children (UK).

Adow, M. 2004. ‘Somali Passports For Sale’. BBC News (12 May).

Ahmed, I.I. (2000). ‘Remittances and Their Economic Impact in Post-war Somaliland’, Disasters, 24(4): 380-389.

Al-Sharmani, M. (2006). ‘Living Transnationally: Somali Diasporic Women in Cairo.’ International Migration 44(1): 55-77.

Ali, A.S. (1997) Remittances in Somalia, Nairobi: United Nations Development Office for Somalia (Draft report).

Ambroso, G. (2002) Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988-2000, Geneva: UNHCR New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No.65.

APD (Academy for Peace and Development) (2004) Socio-Economic Survey 2004 Somaliland, Hargeisa: APD.

APD (2004) Analysis of Macro-economic Situation in Somaliland. Nairobi: UNDP Somalia Watching Brief.

Associated Press. 2000. ‘Minnesota Somalis Send Support’. Wire report (19 November).

Awdal News Network (2003). Remittance companies stiffly cautioned against status change., Awdal News, 21 June 2003.
www.awdalnews.com/wmview.php?ArtID=265

Ballard, R. (2003) A Background Report on the Operation of Informal Value Transfer Systems (Hawala), Manchester: Unpublished edited version of an expert report prepared for the defence in one of the ’Hawala’ / money laundering prosecutions mounted by UK Customs and Excise.

Bascom, J. (1998) Losing Place: Refugee Populations and Rural Transformations in East Africa, Oxford: Berghahn.

Bloch, A. and Atfield, G. (2002) The Professional Capacity of Nationals from the Somali regions in Britain, London: Goldsmiths College, Report to Refugee Action and International Organization for Migration.

Campbell, E.H. (2005) Formalizing the informal economy: Somali refugee and migrant trade networks in Nairobi, Geneva: Global Commission on International Migration Global Migration Perspectives No. 47.

Cassanelli, L.V. (2004). ‘The Role of Diaspora Communities in Homeland Development’. In R.B. Ford, E.A. Ismail and H.M. Adam (eds) War Destroys, Peace Nurtures: Somali Reconciliation and Development. Asmara, Eritrea: Red Sea Press. 231–8.

Cassanelli, L.V. (2004) The Somali Diaspora and the Reconstruction of Somalia:Obstacles and Opportunities. Address to the Ninth Congress of the Somali Studies International Association ‘Diaspora and State Formation in the Horn of Africa’. Research Center on Development and International Relations (DIR), Aalborg
University, Denmark, 3–5 September.

Centre on Migration Policy and Society (COMPAS). 2004. The Contribution of UK-based Diasporas to Development and Poverty Reduction. Oxford: University of Oxford, for DFID.
http://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/publications/papers/DFID%20diaspora%20report.pdf.

Cole, I. and Robinson, D. (2003) Somali Housing Experiences in England, Sheffield: Sheffield Hallam University.

Duale, A.F. (1998). ‘Reconstructing Life in the Diaspora: British Immigration Law and Policies and Somali Patterns of Adaptation’., in S.Lilius (ed.) Variations on the Theme of Somaliness, Turku: Centre for Continuing Education, Ã…bo Akademi University

El-Solh, C.F. (1991). ‘Somalis in London’s East End: a community striving for recognition’. New Community, 17(4): 539-552.

Farah, N. (2000) Yesterday, Tomorrow: Voices from the Somali Diaspora. London/New York: Cassell.

Forster, S (2002 April/May) Somali UK Diaspora – Enterprise Survey. Mid Yorkshire Chamber of Commerce and Industry Ltd. European Commission. Nairobi.

Frushone, J. (2001) Welcome Home to Nothing: Refugees Repatriate to a Forgotten Somaliland, Washington: Immigration and Refugee Services of America.

Griffiths, D. (2002) Somali and Kurdish Refugees in London: New Identities in the Diaspora (Research in Migration & Ethnic Relations S.) UK: Ashgate.

Gundel, J. (2002). ‘The Migration-Development Nexus: Somalia Case Study’. International Migration 40(5). 255–79.

Horst, C. (2006). Transnational Nomads: How Somalis Cope with Refugee Life in the Dadaab Camps of Kenya. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books.

Horst, C. (2007). ‘Connected Lives: Somalis in Minneapolis Dealing with family Responsibilities and Migration Dreams of Relatives’. In A.O. Farah, M. Muchie and J. Gundel (eds) Somalia: Diaspora and State Reconstruction in the Horn of Africa. London: Adonis and Abbey. 89–101.

Griffiths, D.J. (2002) Somali and Kurdish Refugees in London - New Identities in the Diaspora, Aldershot: Ashgate.

Goldsmith, P. (1997). ‘The Somali Impact on Kenya 1990-1993: The View From Outside the Camps.’, in H.M.Adam and R.Ford (eds.) Mending Rips in the Sky: Options for Somali Communities in the 21st Century, Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press: 461-483.

Harris, H. (2004) The Somali community in the UK: What we know and how we know it, London: Information Centre about Asylum and Refugees in the UK (ICAR)

Hansen, P. (2006) Revolving Returnees: Meanings and Practices of Transnational Return Among Somalilanders, PhD Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen.

Hansen, P. (2003) Revolving Returnees: Return Migration in Somaliland. Danish Institute for International Studies Copenhagen.

Hansen, P. (2004, June) Migrant Remittances as a Development Tool: The Case of Somaliland. Danish Institute for Development Studies (DIIS) Denmark Migration Policy Research Working Papers Series No 3. IOM.

Horst, C. (2004) Money and mobility: transnational livelihood strategies of the Somali diaspora, Geneva: Global Commission on International Migration, Global Migration Perspectives No.9.

Horst, C. and Van Hear, N. (2005). Counting the Cost: Refugees, Remittances and the War against Terror. FMR 14.
http://www.fsausomali.info/library/20050726130541_8_conuting_the_costs_cindy_horst.pdf

Horst, C. (2006) Transnational Nomads - How Somalis cope with refugee life in the Dadaab camps of Kenya, Oxford: Berghahn.

Horst, C. and Gaas, M. H. (2007). Remittances for peace? The transnational political engagements of Somalis in Norway. Report by the International Peace Research Institute to the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo.

Iss-Salwe, A.M. 2006. ‘The Internet and the Somali Diaspora: The Web as a Means of Expression’. Bildhaan; An International Journal of Somali Studies 6. 54–67.

Kent, R., von Hippel, K. & Bradbury, M. (2004 November) Social Facilitation, Development and the Diaspora: Support for Sustainable Health Services in Somalia. Kings College London.

Kleist, N. (2004 February 26) Somali-Scandinavian Dreaming: Visions of home and return in Somscan and UK Cooperative Associations, Paper presented at Sussex Centre for Migration Research Seminar, University of Sussex.

Kleist, N. (with P. Hansen). 2007. ‘Performing Diaspora. Studying the Mobilization of a Somaliland Transborder Citizenry’. In A.O. Farah, M. Muchie and J. Gundel (eds) Somalia: Diaspora and State Reconstruction in the Horn of Africa. London: Adonis and Abbey.

Kusow, Abdi  (ed.) (2007): From Mogadishu to Dixon : the Somali diaspora in a global context. Trenton, NJ : Red Sea Press.

Lindley, A. (2004 October 31) Somalia Country Study. Commissioned for a report on Informal Remittance Systems in African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Countries Compas. DFID, EC, Deloitte & Touche.

Lindley, A. (2006 April) Migrant Remittances in the Context of Crisis in Somali Society: A Case Study of Hargeisa. London: Overseas Development Institute/Humanitarian Policy Group.

Lindley, A. and N. Van Hear (2007) New Europeans on the Move: A preliminary review of the onward migration of refuges within the European Union, Centre on Migration, Policy and Society Working Paper No.57, Oxford: University of Oxford.

Lindley, A. (2008). Conflict-induced migration and remittances: towards a conceptual framework., Paper presented at the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration Conference Cairo, 6th-10th January 2008

Lindley, A. (2008). ‘Transnational connections and education in the Somali context.’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2(2).

Medani, K. (2000) Report on internal migration and remittance inflows: Northwest and Northeast Somalia, Nairobi: UN Coordination Unit and Food Security Assessment Unit.

Moret, J., Baglioni, S., and Efionayi-Mäder, D. (2005) The Path of Somali Refugees into Exile: A Comparative Analysis of Secondary Movements and Policy Responses, SFM Studies No.46, Geneva: Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies.

Morland, A. (2001) Somalis left in the lurch by US decision to freeze main bank, Agence France Presse. 10 November 2001.

Omar, Abdulsalam (2002) Supporting Systems and Procedures for the Effectiver Regulation and Monitoring of Somali Remittance Companies (Hawala). UNDP Somalia.

Pérouse de Montclos, M. (2003). ‘A Refugee Diaspora - When the Somalis Go West’, in K.Koser (ed.) New African Diasporas, London: Routledge: 37-55.

Pérouse de Montclos, M.-A. and Kagwanja, P. (2000). ‘Refugee Camps or Cities? The Socio-economic Dynamics of the Dadaab and Kakuma Camps in Northern Kenya.’, Journal of Refugee Studies, 13(2): 205-222.

Pieke, F., Van Hear, N. and Lindley, A. (2007). ‘Beyond control: informal remittance transfer, regulation and development’., Global Networks, 7(3): 348-366.

Port Cities (2006) The Somali Community in the Port of London, [Online], Available: http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.109/The-Somali-Community-inthe-Port-of-London.html [9 February 2006].

Samatar, A. I. (2001). ‘Somali Reconstruction and Local Initiative: Amoud University’., World Development 29(4): 641-656.

Samatar, A. 2004. ‘Beginning Again: From Refugee to Citizen’. Bildaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies 4. 1–17.

Sana, M. and Massey, D.S. (2005). ‘Household Composition, Family Migration, and Community Context: Migrant