Monograph 41: Violence Against Women in Metropolitan South Africa: A Study on Impact and Service Delivery, By Sandra Bollen, Lillian Artz
The
past several years have been marked by increasing activity in the area
of violence against women in South Africa. Through the efforts of the
women’s movement, service providers, non-governmental organisations
(NGOs) and the academic community, violence against women has been
brought to the forefront of public and political attention. Along with
increased efforts to secure appropriate services and legal reform for
survivors of gender-based violence, there has also been increased
research, aiming to provide more substantive information and discussion
about the nature, scope and dimensions of the problem.
Limitations of existing information
Knowledge
about the frequency and extent of violence against women in South
Africa is currently based largely on police statistics, victim surveys
and a series of estimates by NGOs working with survivors of violence.
Though there have been various attempts to determine the prevalence of
domestic violence and sexual assault in this country, available
statistics reflect only a small portion of cases.
Estimating
the level of gender-based violence by utilising either police reports
or victimisation surveys has been problematic. For instance,
gender-based crimes recorded by the police are widely accepted as
reflecting a small percentage of the actual incidence of sexual
victimisation (it is estimated by the South African Police Service
(SAPS) that only one out of every 35 rapes is reported to them).
Victimisation surveys and gender violence research have also yielded
under-estimations and inaccurate results for a variety of reasons:
- Women
who are or have been victims of gender-based crimes are rarely in a
position to discuss this violation in public or with a complete
stranger. The reasons survivors of sexual assault and domestic
violence do not report incidents to the police (embarrassment,
self-blame, fear of not being believed, trauma of official action,
secondary victimisation by state officials or fear of retaliation),
would be similar to the reasons survivors of gender-based violence are
extremely reluctant to confide in unknown interviewers about questions
of an intimate nature.1
Research has also shown that many women are reluctant to report sexual
or physical victimisation when they feel they should have predicted when
a man would act violently toward them.2 Feeling responsible for the attack is unfortunately a very common reaction for women.
- Domestic violence is not codified in South African law as a separate criminal offence, but
instead falls under the crime of assault or assault with intent to do
grievous bodily harm. To date the South African Police Service (SAPS)
has been reluctant to differentiate between general crimes of assault
and assaults of a domestic nature in their collection of statistics. As a
result, domestic violence remains hidden in reported statistics of
assault. More importantly, the ongoing and pervasive nature of domestic
violence is not reflected. The increasing intensity and lethality of
domestic violence, as well as the multiple forms that domestic violence
takes, are not adequately documented. Domestic violence thus remains a
series of ‘one-off’ incidents in the eyes of the criminal justice
system.
- Definitions effectively exclude a number of acts that women experience as assault of a sexual nature. This
may influence the findings of surveys and other gender violence
research: many women may not have spoken about their experiences, as
these did/do not fall within the current legal definitions.The current
legal situation in South Africa recognises certain sexual acts as
unlawful. Rape is presently defined in common law as the unlawful,
intentional sexual intercourse with a woman without her consent; and
indecent assault (also a common law definition) is defined as the
unlawful and intentional assault with the object of committing an
indecency.
- Criminal
justice definitions of sexual offences are narrow, hence participants
in research studies perceive the crime within this legal framework. For
example, current rape law is gender, object and orifice specific: for
rape to have occurred the woman’s vagina must have been penetrated by
the man’s penis. The survivor, based on her knowledge or understanding
of sexual assault, may disregard sexual violations that do not fit the
prevailing legal or social definitions of sexual assault. In other
words, surveys may not capture the broad range of violations experienced
by women. Further, like legal and prescribed social definitions of rape
(and domestic violence), victimisation and other surveys may also
impose predetermined definitions of sexual victimisation, thereby
narrowing the scope of responses. For example, a review of twenty
studies of rape prevalence showed that most estimates varied, largely
due to the kinds of questions asked, the way they were asked and whether
the participants were probed for further information.3
It
is therefore likely that there is a substantial discrepancy between
assaults that are reported to the police, assaults that are revealed in
research surveys and the actual number of gender-based offences that
occur.
Indicators of the extent and nature of the problem
With
these limitations in mind, research on violence against women has
estimated that between one out of four, and one out of every six women
in South Africa are in abusive relationships4 and that one women is killed by her partner every six days.5 Research has also found that an average of 80% of rural women are victims of domestic violence.6
The most recent statistics on rape provided by the SAPS show that 49 289 rapes were reported in 1998.7
According to police statistics, rape was one of the few serious crimes
that increased steadily by an average of 7% per year between 1994 and
1997. By comparison, the twenty most serious crimes increased by an
average of 1% over the same period. (Between 1997 and 1998, reported
rape decreased by 5.5%.) When South African crime ratios are compared
with those of 89 Interpol member states reflected in its 1996
statistics, South Africa has the highest ratio of reported rape cases
per 100 000 people in the world.8
More broadly, South African research on violence against women emphasises that:
- Domestic violence is a common phenomenon.
- The
range of abuses that women experience is wide, and includes physical,
sexual, psychological and economic abuse, as well as stalking, forced
isolation in the home and other controlling behaviours.
- Most cases of domestic violence and rape are not reported to the police.
- Even
when domestic violence and rape are detected by the criminal justice
system, the perpetrator frequently goes unpunished: only 9% of rape
cases reported to the police in 1998 resulted in a conviction.9
- The
results of domestic violence are severe. The trauma of abuse is
life-long and affects a woman and her children not only physically, but
also emotionally and psychologically.
The
United Nations has referred to these abuses as a global epidemic that
knows no geographic, cultural or linguistic boundaries. Abuse affects
all women without regard to their level of income. The cultures,
tradition, politics, dominant religion and sociological development of
countries reporting high levels of gender-based violence vary. It is
safe to conclude that the one risk factor of this global epidemic is
gender (i.e being female).10 The Global Report on Women’s Human Rights
states that domestic violence is a leading cause of female injury in
almost every country in the world and is typically ignored by the state,
or only erratically punished.11
Aims of this study
Internationally,
there has been a dramatic increase in the scope and magnitude of
clinical and investigative interest in domestic violence. But much of
this research and theory stem from Western countries with
socio-political and historical experiences that are distinctly different
from those of women in developing countries. It is for this reason that
more substantive and quantitative data needs to be procured. Addressing
such endemic violence also requires a comprehensive range of both
prevention strategies, and interventions to deal with the aftermath of
violent incidents.12
This
study aims to inform interventions required by service providers and
government departments for dealing with violence against women.
Understanding the experiences and perceptions of survivors of violence
should be the first step in making policy decisions that are aimed at
promoting women’s interests. The survey thus focuses on the impact of
violence against women, as well as their experiences with service
providers.
The
study also attempted to alleviate many of the methodological problems
related to research on violence against women by ensuring that:
- Definitions
of violence were comprehensive and reflected women’s experiences, thus
moving beyond legally defined understandings of what constitutes
violence against women.
- Interviews
with victims of gender-based violence were conducted in a sensitive
manner, so that women could freely and safely discuss their experiences
of violence.
- Information
was collected about economic and emotional abuse — two key types of
abuse often disregarded. Hence, they are less likely to be responded to
by key governmental organisations (e.g. the police and the criminal
justice system).
- Women were encouraged to recommend reform in the delivery of criminal justice and non-governmental services.
The
research process involved the active participation by those who support
and assist victims of gender-based violence, through a process of
consultation about what is to be researched, the methodology used and
the analysis and use of the findings. Based on the experience of
survivors, this study is well placed to provide insights and critiques
of existing practices around violence against women.
Given
the exploratory nature of the project, as well as its scope, the aim of
this document is to present a descriptive analysis of the findings.
Data is presented in a manner that will hopefully enable and encourage
independent interpretation. An analysis of the results from a policy
perspective will follow this monograph.
