The Case for Real Debate in Cape Town
The ISS argues why real political debate is sorely needed for the 2011 elections.
Erin Torkelson, Researcher,
Organised Crime and Money Laundering, ISS Cape Town Office
and
Hopolang Selebalo, Junior Researcher, Corruption and Governance, ISS Cape Town Office
On Friday 15 April
1994, former presidents Nelson Mandela and FW de Klerk participated in the
first debate of the new democratic South Africa. The televised event could
hardly be called a debate, as everyone knew, including De Klerk, that Mandela
would win the election. What made the event unique, as the Independent reported at the time, was the tension between the
candidates’ need to confront each other as rivals for the same political office
and the recognition that they had been and would remain partners in an
ambitious project of national unity.
Since the Mandela era,
there have been few other political debates at the national, provincial or
local levels. This has largely been due to the electoral dominance of the ANC
and the weakness of all opposition parties. Candidates have faced little
pressure from the voting public to engage in informative pre-election debates,
in order to put forward clearly articulated and differentiated visions for the
future.
However, there are
important shifts taking place amongst the South African electorate, which
underscore the need for sharp political debates between candidates. Statistics
compiled from the last 15 years show that a large percentage of eligible voters
are not participating in South
Africa’s political contests and even remain unregistered. At a national level, Collette
Schulz-Herzenberg of the Institute for Security Studies, has pointed out that
while the governing party has enjoyed increasing electoral margins – from 63%
in 1994 to 66% in 2009 – the number of people voting for the ANC, in real
terms, has decreased from 54% to 39% over the same period.
Similarly, the
opposition bloc has lost almost one-half of its active vote share, declining
from 32% in 1994 to 17% in 2004, and then rebounding slightly to 20% in 2009.
These figures show a rise in ‘independent’ or ‘floating voters’ – a largely
unpredictable portion of the electorate that has the potential to transform the
political scene through their participation.
At a local level, voter turnout is in even worse
shape with only 48.06% of the electorate participating in 2000 and 48.4% in
2006. Although municipalities should be
the most accessible form of government to local constituencies, many citizens
feel that their needs and concerns have not been adequately addressed,
particularly in relation to service delivery. According to a joint IEC/HSRC survey, where respondents were asked to indicate their
level of satisfaction with local government, only 43.0% of South Africans are ‘satisfied’
or ‘strongly satisfied,’ leaving 57% ‘neutral’ or ‘dissatisfied.’ With numbers
like these, it seems likely that more and more previously party-loyal voters
will become independents.
What all this means is
that there is a substantial bloc of floating voters that could be mobilized to
participate in the 2011 elections. The current South African situation hearkens
back to the US elections of 2008, when Barack Obama successfully rallied the
support of eligible, yet previously disenfranchised, American voters to win the
presidency. Independents are very important in highly contested geographic
areas where partisan groups are
relatively equal in size. In such places, voter turnout can actually win or
loose an election for a particular party. However, this political season the
electoral discourse has been so paltry and vague that no candidate seems to
have inspired or activated the currently apathetic voting population.
The shallowness of political debate has been
particularly disappointing in Cape Town, which is perhaps the most equally
matched political contest of 2011. Democratic Alliance candidate Patricia de
Lille and Tony Ehrenreich from the
ANC are both high-powered candidates, with long records of public service,
trade union credentials and substantial local constituencies. Most
citizens want access to detailed information about these candidates, the
parties they represent, and the policies they propose. Unfortunately, political
posters strapped to light posts and campaign disputes splashed across media
headlines have become the norm – and there has been no concerted effort by either
of these candidates to stand together on the same platform and demonstrate why
voters should support them. Any interaction between candidates has consisted of
mudslinging and pointing out failures – lest we forget that both parties have
delivered ‘open’ toilets to constituencies – rather than constructive
discussion of actual policies for development. It is evident that South Africa
is in dire need of robust public debates, where citizens can challenge the standard political rhetoric, and candidates can
offer plans for our collective urban future.
While there have been
attempts from several corners to organize events where the Cape Town Mayoral candidates
to go head-to-head, each has come with its own set of challenges and
disappointments. The SABC’s Election Debates dedicated one episode to Cape Town’s candidates.
The ANC, DA, COPE and ACDP were given the opportunity to wax lyrical about the
inequities in service delivery across the city, but the format excluded any
opportunity for genuine exchange. Participants did not have the opportunity to
directly challenge each other’s policies nor respond to accusations issued
against them. Most tellingly, the fifty-minute show only allowed for 4 rounds
of questions!
IDASA also hosted a
public dialogue with Cape Town’s Mayoral candidates. However, as is the usual practice
of incumbent parties, the DA sent a lower-level party official as a stand-in
for Patricia de Lille. This behaviour should simply not be acceptable in a
vibrant and contested electoral environment.
What we, as Cape Town,
need is a real political debate, between the strongest parties, held in a
central location with space for a thousand people to attend. We need all major
media outlets, newspapers, television and radio stations to broadcast the
debate live to the widest possible audience. We need audio and video material from
the debate to be accessible via the internet after the fact. And, we need to
ensure that citizens from local civil society organisations, social movements
and neighbourhoods across the city are present. Candidates should not be able
to make prepared statements filled with empty platitudes and accusations, but
should spend a full 90 minutes answering and rebutting citizen queries. The
Institute for Security Studies attempted to organise such a debate; however,
one of the large parties seemed unwilling to participate. This may either
reflect poor strategic decision making in the midst of a campaign, or a
possible unwillingness to engage in hard talk with other candidates and the
electorate.
The electorate must
demand sophisticated political debate, so that parties and candidates are
forced to refine their political discourse and respond with clearly articulated
policies. Voters could then move beyond candidate popularity and historical
loyalty to cast their ballots based on who will devote the largest percentage
of the budget to service delivery or who has come up with the most
comprehensive plan for public transportation, sanitation, water and housing –
issues of real importance to the electorate. Questions should be tailored to
impel candidates to offer detailed propositions for Cape Town’s future
development instead of insubstantial promises that can never be fulfilled.
Most
importantly, whatever is said in such a public forum could then be used to hold
elected representatives to account after 100 days in office, after two years in
office and at the end of the term. Without robust political debate
and policy alternatives how can citizens think retrospectively when judging the
incumbent party’s performance at election time – or alternatively, think
prospectively about the future when assessing all the options on offer from
candidates? Without policy information, debate and detail, electoral discourse
will always remain in the toilet!
