Carina Bruwer | ENACT Africa

05 Dec 2025 / by Willis Okumu, Carina Bruwer, Valtino Omolo & Mugah Michael Sitawa

Illicit trade on inland waterways: the case of Lake Tanganyika

This paper examines illicit trade on Lake Tanganyika, where weak governance and regional instability enable smuggling, trafficking and illegal fishing.

11 Sep 2025 / by Carina Bruwer

Securing Africa's South Atlantic: a risk assessment of organised maritime crime

This paper assesses organised maritime crime off Angola, Namibia and South Africa and suggests ways to strengthen regional maritime security.

03 Jun 2025 / by Carina Bruwer

Foreign fishing vessels plunder Namibia’s horse mackerel

The country’s rich stock is being illegally harvested by foreign-flagged vessels licensed to fish in Angolan waters.

12 Nov 2024 / by Carina Bruwer

Southern Africa conservationists battle evolving illegal plant trade

Stakeholders are exploring innovative ways to safeguard the region’s precious plants from illegal trade.

19 Jun 2024 / by Carina Bruwer

Cabinda to Cape Town: how crime-proof are Africa’s Atlantic shores?

With all eyes on pirates and politics in the Gulf of Guinea and the Indian Ocean, who is keeping an eye on Africa’s South Atlantic?

22 May 2024 / by Carina Bruwer

Organised crime’s role in Southern African elections

As seven countries in the region prepare for elections this year, how will organised crime influence the outcomes?

26 Apr 2024 / by Carina Bruwer

Identifying victims key to breaking up SA's sex trafficking rings

Unclear distinction between sex work and trafficking in persons is hindering efforts to apprehend offenders and secure justice for survivors.

11 Mar 2024 / by Carina Bruwer

L’accord UE-Seychelles pourrait freiner le trafic de drogue dans l’océan Indien

Les accords bilatéraux combattent le trafic de drogue en mer et protègent les droits des auteurs présumés.

11 Mar 2024 / by Carina Bruwer

Can EU-Seychelles accord curb Indian Ocean drug trade?

Bilateral agreements are one way to target drug trafficking at sea and to safeguard suspects’ human rights.

29 Nov 2023 / by Carina Bruwer

Protecting South Africa’s precious succulents from illegal traders

New research shows that strides have been made, but more support and private-public partnerships are needed.

21 Nov 2023 / by Carina Bruwer

Growing, growing, gone: safeguarding South Africa’s illegally traded succulents

This paper explores the illegal market for succulent flora from the country's Succulent Karoo and the national strategy to address the crisis.

30 Oct 2023 / by Carina Bruwer

L'Afrique du Sud peut-elle maitriser le trafic de pangolins ?

Des signes inquiétants montrent que le commerce illégal de pangolins est de plus en plus organisé et implique des professionnels et des fonctionnaires.